Hotel Royal Panna
❤️ Click here: Mand s?ger homo slave s?ges
Non aliiis essem atque nunc sum Cic. Quamdiu quisquam erit, qu! Some few substantives are found only with the Ac. Du er pæn i tøjet og er barberet, kan ikke have en beskidt slave.
Du er mellem 28-40 år gammel, men det gør ikke noget at du ikke har erfaring da jeg kan lære dig hvordan man opfører sig. Quid Igltur slbi uolt pS,ter?
Hotel Royal Panna - But the greatest confusion is in the quan- tity of the syllables.
LATE PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LONDON, NOW PBOFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR, AND HEAD-MASTER OF THE SCHOOL. Xtto Corrections anK 'atJotttons. CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. THE chief changes which have been made in the present edition are as follows : 1. The principle involved in the new section, marked 451. Words formed by suffixes are said to be derived. Words formed by prefixes are said to be compounded. What is the case? What is the number? If a noun be of neither gender, it is called neuter. The ablative has two very different meanings, and perhaps two different origins. Sometimes it answers to the question whence? In the former sense it had originally a final d, as, from Gnaivo-, the old form of the praenomen Cneio- Cneius , abl. This form became quite obsolete. The ablative sometimes signifies from, as, CdYintho- Corinth, abl. Corintho from Corinth : sometimes it agrees ill meaning with the dative, as, riis- country, D. The plural is generally marked in English by s or en, as, dogs, oxen; in Latin sometimes by s, sometimes by um. Nouns are therefore divided, according to the last letter, into classes called declensions. MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS. Princep- masc or fern. MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS continued. Lapid- Custod- Ariet- Corn-Tt- Aetat- Gender. MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS continued}. Neuter nouns differ from others only in the N. In the singular these cases are nearly al- ways short in the last syllable, and in the plural always end in a. Sperg frigus frigus frigus frig-Sris fr! The nominative, as has been already said, is most regularly formed by the addition of s : as, trab- beam, N. CO If in Greek words the crude form end in ant, ent, or unt, the Nom. In Greek names in on or ont, the n is often retained, but not by the best writers : as, Lacon-, Xgnophont-, N. Lacon, X6n5phon ; better Laco, Xentfpho. Many adjectives however take the? Neuter words retain the us in the Ac. Greek words prefer ds in tho N. Yet such a form as tlmor also occurs. There are no neuters of this declensicm. There are no neuters of this declension. Four words add an e to make the feminine nominative : quae ; haec ; istaec ; illaec. In the last three the c has nothing to do with the case-suffix. The nominative in Greek proper names sometimes has an s: as, Aenea- Aeneas, N. AenSas ; but the best prose writers pre- fer the N. The vocative of Greek proper names sometimes has a long a : as, Aenea-, voc. Aenean ; MaiS,-, ac. The genitive has an old form in i : as, alai. The dative has an old form in i : as, alai. The plural genitive sometimes has a short form : as, caellcftla- inhabitant of heaven, G. And in foreign proper names on, as in Greek, is sometimes written instead of um. The dative and ablative have an old form in bus: as, Squa- mare, D. This form is often re- tained to distinguish the sex ; otherwise, equo- horse, and Squa- mare, would have the same dative and ablative plural ; so also dua- f. Remarks on the Second, or Declension. In such words the singular is generally formed according to the consonant declension, the plural according to the i declension. But fame- or fami- hunger has an Ab. Although neuter nominatives of this declension commonly end in , poti- possible has for the neuter in old writers potis, as well as p5tS. If a crude form end in ri, the letters which should follow r are often dropped in the nom. Some adjectives ending in eri have both forms : as, acSri- sharp, N. If the crude form ends in li, the letters which should follow I in the N. This word is in origin an adjective. These words are in origin neuter adjectives. Three pronouns form the neut. Some few substantives are found only with the Ac. With adjectives em alone is found, as from leni- smooth, Ac. Greek words sometimes form the gen. But adjectives used as masc. Participles in enti- when used as substantives, and also in the construction called the ablative absolute 1013 , require the form in e. Some nouns drop the i in the G. This is often the case in poetry : as, agresti- of the country, G. Greek words sometimes form the G. Plural names of festivals often form the G. Remarks on the Fourth, or U Declension. F ficis or f Icubus AU. DEFECTIVE AND IRREGULAR NOUNS. Substantives unde- 1 Jd are seldom used except as nominatives or accusatives. Some want the plural : as, senectut- old age, ver- n. Some want the singular : as, tensbra-, N. Puteoll Little wells, the name of a town. Squa- water, s quae medicinal springs. Thus, die- day is m. Thus, memor- mind- ful pauper- earning -little, have no neuter ; victrlci- or victrlc- victo- rious is only fern, in the sing. Some Irregular Nouns declined. Del, 'Dii, more commonly Dl, Ac. Deorum or I eum, D Ab. Dels, Dils, more commonly Dis. Some Foreign Proper Names declined. Aenean or -am, G. An- chlse or -a, Ac. Anchisen or -am, G. Oresten or -em, G. Mgnandros or -drus or -dgr, DEFECTIVE AND IRREGULAR NOUNS. Menandrg or -dgr, Ac. Mgnandrifn or -drum, G. Mgnandrtt or -drl, D. Panthun or Panthum, G. Athon Atho Athonem and perhaps AthSn , G. Also from Dldon- N. Thus, for the suffix a, from verbs, denoting a person : conulu-a- a messmate or guest, from c8n together and uiu- live. M to and ugn- come. J These are really masculine participles. These are often called supines. Suffix Added- to Gives a subst. Ina verbs act ru- rush ru-Ina- downfall bra verbs late- lie hid latg- bra- hiding -place. Ici -torf female uic-tor- conqueror uictr-ici- conqueress. But -ion as a suffix of material objects is masculine, as : ion I verbs subst. Suffix Added to Gives a subst. OS verbs fng-e- be cold fiig-os- cold. J The same may be said of culo and cVo, and perhaps fro. Compare the last three with the Greek rffj. Indeed the form ecto is preserved in ulrecto- n. H See Appendix II. Italo- an Italian, Ital-ia- the body of Italians, Italy. But the rule is far from universal ; as may be seen in the masculines : Belga- a Belgian, Sulla- the Roman dictator, Matrona- m. The majority are femi- nine, but the exceptions are numerous. English, amni- amnls river angui- anguis snake assi- as Lat. FORMATION AND GENDER OF DIMINUTIVES. Thus from Snlma- breath or life, dim. Thus from seruo- slave, linea- line, serudlo-, llneola- are derived. Thus from pugra- girl, foulo- eye, umo- wine, are derived pugrela- puella- f. Thus ala- wing, axilla- armpit ; mala- jaw, maxilla- ; paulo- n. Thus from cani- f. Thus from cornlc- f. Thus from hSmon- man, ration- f. Thus from rumos- or rumor- m. Thus from Squo- or gco- horse, 8culeo-. So also there are Sciileo- m. Probably deo in hordeo- or fordeo- barley is virtually the same suffix, added to the root far- spelt. Syrisciis little Syrus, paiasltastgro- a 210 Many adjectives are used as substantives, the real substantive being understood. Thus : Medicina-, arti- art understood, the art of healing. Arithmetlca-, arti- art understood, the art of numbers. Medlcma-, taberna- shop understood, the doctor's shop. Bellona-, dea- goddess understood, the goddess of war. Africa-, terra- land understood, the land of the Afri. Annona-, copia- supply understood, the year's supply. CSrona-, uitta- fillet understood, circular filet, chaplet. Compgd-, catena- chain understood, foot-chain, fetter. Monica-, catena- chain understood, hand-chain, hand-cuff. Annali-, llbgro- book understood, year-book. Natali-, die- day understood, birth-day. De'cembgri-, mensi- month understood, the tenth month from March , December. O- or 0000- and the German auge. These are called part See Appendix 11. Thus, with the suffix Ino or no, the following derivatives are formed : Roma- Rome, Roma-no- of Rome. These are used in the singular in poetry. They answer to the question quoto- or -ta- N. The symbols for 1, 10, 100, 1000, seem to have consisted of one, two, three, and four lines respectively : viz. Those from quattuor to centum, both in- clusive, are not declined. Mili- is both substantive and adjective. If no smaller number accompany it, it is more commonly used as a substantive. Hence the phrases mille hSmlnum or mille homi- nes ; tria milia homlnum, tria milia trecenti hSmines. Uno- one makes G. The other cases are regular. The plural is used with those substantives which with a plural form have a singular meaning : as, N. In the same way is declined ambo- amba- both, except as to the quantity of ambo. Between 20 and 100 there are two forms, viz. But printers have found it convenient to substitute the letters HS. Mis and tis are antiquated forms, found in Plautus. Ml is rarely used in prose writers. Me, te or tlbe, sibe, are severally antiquated forms for mini, tibi, slbi. Med and ted are found in old writers 285 G. These are merely genitives of the possessive adjectives noste'ro-, uostSro-. Indeed nostrorum, uostrorum for the m? Vestrum, uestrl, with an e, are used by later writers. The genitives nostn, uostrl are used only in the objective sense. Nostrum, nostrum are required in partitive phrases. Nis for nobls is given in Festus. Istus as a nom. The dative illic is onlv used aaa. From qui-piam comes the adverb uspiam any where. So also in es-tis you are, fer-tls you briny, and uol-tis you wish. Thus, scrlbeba-nt they were writing, scrlbe-nt they will write, scripseri-nt they will have written ; but audi-unt they Jiear. By a long vowel : as, fac- or faci- make, fee- made ; uSn- or uSni- come, uen- came. By s suffixed : as, scrlb- write, scrips- wrote ; die- say, dix- said. But many verbs, including nearly all those which end in a vowel, abstain from all these three changes. Thus our English verb corresponds to a Latin verb of kindred form and meaning, viz. The Gothic abounds in perfects of reduplica- tion : as, halt ' call,' perf. It is not improbable that the long-vowel perfects originated in reduplica- tion : as, ueni- ' come,' perf. Compare also the so-called temporal augment of Greek verbs. In some parts of the present- perfect irregularities conceal the con- nection of the terminations with the present tense of es- ' be. This peculiarity is accounted for, if scripsit had an older form scrips-ist corre- sponding to est ' he is. Indeed the s is silent in the French eat. Lastly, script must be regarded 74 VERBS. Nay, the Gothic form is im. If scripsim then be admitted as a theoretical form, the plural scripsimus is also explained. J This u pronounced as our w was no doubt an original part of the verb fa- ' be,' in the form ues-. If this be a genitival suffix signifying ' from,' the formation of all the perfect tenses is simple enough ; as, scripsi ' I am from writing, VERBS. Hence much confusion arose, so that even the first person of the indicative tense in era is occasionally found where a subjunctive in erim was to have been expected. But the greatest confusion is in the quan- tity of the syllables. Observe too th;it fictus for fixus was preferred by Varr. Also tinguere, tinguo ; unguere, unguo. J Scicidi and jifidi were probably the older forms of these perfects. Ennius has the former. If 7V5M5 in Quintilian and late writers. They forget that the archaic forms perduim, creduim claim immediate connection with the archaic duim of da-. Latum is for tlatum. J Observe the quantity of litum, siturn, satum. Quaeso is used in the sense, ' I pray' or ' prithee. II Trmi, trltum imply a secondary verb trib-, whence trlbulo- sb. Ruitnro- is the participle in turo. Da- stands apart from the other verbs in a by the irregularity of its quantity. Observe too that the same thirteen verbs have all the first vowel short. Arcto- or arto- as an adj. J Also mere-ri r. Disco is for dic-sco. J Ard- is probably akin to at- ' raise,' so often used with Jlammam. Compare as to form arduo- ' lofty,' which is immediately formed from al- ' raise. It appears again in the French sale ' dirty,' souillir ; and in the Eng. There is also a form tenam of the same meaning as tenus, whence protenam ' forthwith. For the loss of the s compare linter ' a boat' for lintris, puer for puerus, uidebare for uidebaris. The pronominal adverbs in i, and German urn. J Related to the Greek a? See 'Transactions of the Philological Society,' for Jan. Related to the Greek Sta, and the German zer. The Romans themselves however generally wrote them in con- nection with nouns also : as, inftfro in theforum. S37 If the preposition be repeated, it has a stronger emphasis, and may be separated from the noun : in curia inque f5ro in the senate-house and in the forum. J This consideration is of importance in the laws of metre. Precisely on the same principle and under the same circumstances Lucretius separates the preposition even from a verb, and writes disiectis disque supatis i. The contents of this table may be usefully compared with similar formations in our own tongue. To the superlatives in umo correspond Anglo-Saxon superlatives in ema: as, inn-ema, ut-ema, for-ma, aft-ema, mid-ema, nid-ema, lat-ema, hind- ema. The Latin language forms several comparatives and superlatives from words already in the comparative form. Nay, in prim-ores ' front- men or teeth ' we see a comparative from a superlative. Our own form-er agrees accurately with the Latin prim-or- ; and in near-er we have a comparative formed upon a comparative ; since near itself is but a compression of nigh-er, as next is of nigh-est. Under the head of pronominal prepositions we may com- pare beyond, before, behind, beneath, beout obs. Thus, atqug, uel, neque, neu8, slue, may severally become ac, u6, ne'e, neu, sen. Compare the interrogatives ns and quis. Compare the German oder. Thus the same idea might be expressed by ant lucem erumpamus let us sally out before daylight. The par- ticles in question enable the reader to pause before the words to which they refer. So long as we have only a preposition and noun, no such pause is requisite. In tbe same way the mathematician reads a x 6, a into b ; but if we substitute for b a quantity containing more than one term, a pause is required in reading, and a vinculum in writing : as, a x b + c, which is read, a into. Precisely in the same way, if a long infinitive or subjunctive clause be employed after a Latin verb, it adds to perspicuity if we insert near tbe main verb hoc, ita or sic. Thus Cicero says, Velim ita statutum habeas, me tui memoriam cum summa beniuolentia tenere ad F. Lastly, the French form in the same way their conjunctions puis-que, sans-que, pour-quoi, par-ce-que ; the Germans, in-dem, nach-dem, dar-aus class ; and the English, before that, beyond what, according as. See ' Penny Cyclo- paedia,' under tbe words Article and Conjunction. Thus we may say simiil iit at the same time that, as soon as, or slmiil atqug as soon as; and in familiar Latin, mai5r atquS greater than. Thus we may say simiil ut redilt or slmul rgdilt as soon as he returned, 855 Very frequently the prepositional word is omitted, and a soli- tary relative adverb performs the office of a conjunction : as, iit how, when, in order that, quum when, quando when, quod because. I Thus, Ita so, and sic so, answer to iit as; tarn so much, to quam as ; turn then, to quum when ; tameii vet, to quanquam although ; Ita on the condition, to si if; sic on the condition, to si if; t yet, to si if, cavalry over the bridge. Idem iusiurandum adigit Afranium Goes. Scopulos praeteruectS, uidetiir oratio mea Cic. Tune deinde cetgrS, mandantur iusiurandum Sdactis Sen. Frumentum Aeduos flagitabat Goes. Quid tibi hanc curatiost rem? LSconlctis Sger proxlmus finem eoruna est Liv. In these cases the English language often requires the insertion of a preposition : Id tibi suscensui Plant. Vnum omnes studetls Cic. Cetera assentior Crasso CYe. Id Speram do Ter. Bgniflcio isto nihll utltiir Cic. ES, quae ab natura mSuemur Cic. And even unconnected with a verb : as, Id temporls Cic. Ego istiic aetatis Ter. Compare also illuc aetatis qui sit, PL Mil. Thus, Mea refert, it concerns me, is a corruption of meam rem fert, it carries with it something belonging to me. Thus, Caesar redilt, Caesar is returned. Nuntiant Caescirem rediisse, they bring word that Caesar is re- turned. Istam times ne ilium talem praerlpiat tlbi Ter. The long quantity of the a is proved by Ter. Similarly, posted, from posteam, lengthens the a when the m is discarded. See also 409, 787, 802. As the Romans were afraid to do this, adopting what under the circumstances was perhaps the best make-shift, they selected for the addition of the suffix the chief substantive. Again, the passive construction should have been Caesar rediit s fertur ; but here again, by a similar make-shift, they wrote Caesar rediisse fertur ; and even in the first person, ego rediisse feror. Impurum uide Quantum ualet Ter. Non satis me pernosti etiam qualis sim Ter. Fac me ut sciam Ter. Sub muro stat, he stands under the wall ; but, Sub murum uenit, he came up to the wall. All others have the accusative alone. Absque cum sine, ab coramque, Prae pro de tenus, ec palamque ; Both, super in sub, subter clamque. But the use of clam with an ablative seems doubtful. J Where a point of space is fixed by a distance from another point, 172 SYNTAX. A recta conscientia non trausuorsurn unguem disced! Fossa quindecim pedes lata Goes. Decem annos urbs oppugnata est Liv. DATIVE 197 tuls Virg. Hence the word 'discharge,' i. Inlmlcltiae cum Roscils Cic. Thus, Terrere animos fulntinibus, nfrilbus, grandlulbus Cic. Transcendere Apenninum intSlerandis frlgoYSbiis Liv. See also Fischer's Pseudo-Nepos, Pre- face, near the end. Leporem et gallmam et anserem gustare fas non piitant Caes. Pythagorlcls interdictum grat ne fSba uescerentiir Cfo. In uiola aut in rosa Cic. Eques eos ad castra egit Liv. Eomanus Ira odioque pugnabat Liv. But the names of the letters, and generally words spoken of as words, may be used as genitives, datives or ablatives, if an adjective or substantive in apposition fix the case. Thus, in the last phrase, ' each individual soldier has his own feelings of anger;' so again in the first sentence, 'a foot-soldier' would have been an equally good translation, signifying ' inasmuch as he was a foot-soldier. Is mihi 1 abs te reddldit Cic. The passage in Platu 8 Mere. Nam quo redibo ore ad earn quam contempserim? Non est consentaneum, qui mgtu non frangatur, eum frangi cupldltate Cic. Caussam diclt ea legg qua lege sSnatores soli tgnentur Cic. This repetition is unnecessary ; and commonly the noun which should accompany the relative is omitted, so that, the relative agrees with the antecedent noun in number and gender, bi its case determined by its own clause : as, Ab reliquis princlpibus qui hanc temptandam fortunam non existimabant Goes. Intromissis equttlbus, quos arcessendos curauerat Goes. Adeunt per Aeduos quorum antiquitus erat in fide ciuitas Goes. Aduersarios suos a quibus paulo ante erat eiectiis Cats. Cumae, quam Graeci turn urbem tenebant Liv. Ad eas quas dixlmus munltiones Caes. But if the noun be sepa- rated from the main verb by the relative clause, it sometimes takes its case from the relative clause, to which it. AssSquere quod uls Cic. Dies deindg praestltutS, capitalisquS poenS, qul non remigrasset Romam singulos m8tu suo quemque Sbedientls fecit Liv. Praemia atque honores qu! Quo consuerat interuallo hostis sequitiir Caes. Quod ubi auditum est Caes. J The English often omit the relative, which however must always be supplied in translating into Latin. Nam quid de me dlcam, quoi ut omnia contingant quae uolo, le'varl non possum? Is quit albus aterng fuerit ignoras Cic. Quid Igltur slbi uolt pS,ter? Indirect questions : Quid rgtmeat per tg mSmlnit, non quid amisgrit Cic. Qualis sit Snlmus, ipse S-nlmus nescit Cic. Thirdly, the mark of interrogation? On the other hand, the indirect interrogative is always attached to some word or phrase, generally to a verb. Secondly, the nominative, as in ordinary sentences, always precedes its verb. Thirdly, it is not entitled to the mark of interrogation. Both : Quid facturl fuistis? Quamquam quid facturi fugrltis dubltem, cum uldeam quid fecgrltls? And yet am I to doubt what you would have done, when I see what you actually have done? Both : Quid nuiic flet? What will become of us, ask you? Quibus mos und8 deductus AinazSnia sScurl dextras Sbarmet, quaereYS distull Hor. Non sum praedlcaturus quantas illS res domi mllltiaequg ges- s6rit Cic. Omnia semper quae magistrates illg dlcet, secundls aurlbus, quae ab nostrum quo dicentur aduersls accfpietls? Quo quis uersutior est, hoc inulsior Cic. Vbi sgmel quis pgigrauMt, e! Num quod e'lo'quentiae uestigium apparet? Habent leglbus sanctum, si quis quid de rS publlca fama ac- cSpgrlt, iiti ad magistratum defgrat, nSug cum quo alio communlcet Caes. Si qui grauiorS uolngre accepto 6quo decIdSrat, circumsistebant Caes. Est istuc quldem Sllquid, sed nequaquam In isto sunt omniS, Cic. Idcirco caplte et siiperclliis est rasis, ne ullum piluin uiri btfui hSberg dicatiir Cic. Cicero uses both sum aliguis and sum aliquid. G2 ; ullo-, Caes. Si ulla mea apud te commendatio ualuit, haec ut ualeat rogo Cic. Quamdiu quisquam erit, qu! Cuiuis potest accidere, quod cuiquam potest Syr. Nihil est exitiosius cluitatibus quam quidquam agi per uiin Cic. Forsitan Sllquis aliquando eiusmo'di quidpiam fScSrft Cic. Mihi quiduis sat est Plant. Non cuiuis hSmlni continglt adire Corinthum Hor. Quemlubet, m5do aliquem Cic. Any body you please, provided it be somebody. Hence it is often employed to soften some strong me- taphor or epithet : Sed sunt quldamf itS, uoce absSni iit In oratorum numerum ugnirS non possint Cic. Accurrit quldam, notus mlhl noming tantum Hor. Ngque pugnas narrat, quod quidamj facit Ter. HSbet 8nim quendam aculeum contumeliS quern patl ulr! Fuit enim mirificus quldam in Crasso pudSr Cic. Qutfd erit cumquS uisum, Sges Cic. Quocunque in ISco quls est, idem est el sensus Cic. J Here there is a particular person in view, viz. Quicquld auctorltatS possum, Id omn8 tlbi polllceor Cic. Ipsi inter se alils alii prosunt Cic. Me qutftldie aliud ex alio impedit Cic. Equltes alii alia dllapsl sunt Liv. Quotannls alium atque alium domlnum sortiuntur Liv. Tlmeo ne aliud credam atque aliud nuntigs Ter. This shows the way in which atque alone came to be used after alio-. Longe alia nobis ac tu scripseras mmtiantur Cic. Non aliiis essem atque nunc sum Cic. Lutatio quae alia res quam cele'rltas uictoriam dedit? Quid est dlcere aliud, Quia indignos uestra uoluntate creaturl non estis, necessltatem uobis creandi quos non uoltis im- ponam? Rogauit, numquld aliud ferret praeter arcam Cic. Alterif dlmlcant ; altrl uictorem tlment Cic. Miluo est quoddam bellum qusl naturale cum coruo ; ergo altgr altgriiis oua franglt Cic. Altgrif alteros allquantum attriuerant Sal. A pause too should precede. Atque is not so limited. Oinnes quorum In alterius mSnu uitS, ptfsltast Cic. Tu nunc grls alter ab illo Virg. Ad Brutum nostrum hos llbros alteros quinquS mittemus Cic. Altgrum tantum gqultlbus diulsit Liv. In place of the genitive and dative nullius and nulli are preferred. Venit meditatus alicunde ex so! Modo quandam uidi uirginem hie uiciuiaef Ter. Quo tendltls inquit ; Qul geniis ; undg d5mo? Indldern ex Achaia 8riundl Zw. Those forms of course being selected which accord with the relation of place expressed in the accompanying phrase. Si rem seruassem, fuit ubi negotiosus essem Plaut. Est, dis gratia, unde haec fiant Ter. Vagarl qua uelit Cic. PStest fieri, ut Is unde te audissS dicls, iratus dixerit Cic. Xequ8 praeter te quisquam fuit, ubi nostrum ius contra illos obtineremus Cic. Htfmo apud eos quo se contiilit gratiosus Cic. Omnia qua ulsus grat constrata armls Sal. CastSr et Pollux ex equis pugnarg uisl sunt Cic. Et tu et omnes h5mlnes sciunt Cic. Sgnatus popiilusque Romanus intellect Cic. Emissae eo cohortes quattu5r et C. A nnius as governor. Anna quae fixa in parietlbus fuerant, ea huml sunt inuentS, Cic. Ngque allter Carnutes interftciendi Tasgetil consllium fuisse captures, neque Eburones ad castrS, uenturos esse Caes. The chief uses of this mood and its several tenses have been already stated. Hence all fur- ther remark upon the indicative is nearly superfluous. However, it may still be useful to draw special attention to those cases where error is not uncommon. Those suppositions which may be the fact or not, so far as the speaker professes to know, as, ' If I receive the letter, I will forward it. Perficietur bellum, si urgemus obsessos Liv. J But see below. Apud me slquld grit eiusmtfdi, me imprudente erffr Cic. Set si tu negaris ducere, ibi culpam in te transferet Ter. Si quicquam inueuies me mentitum, occidito Ter. Si itast, facturus ut sit ofticium suum, Faciat ; sin aliter de hac re est eius sententia, Respondent mi Ter. Tu quantus-quantu'sf, nil nisi sapientia's Ter. Quamquamst scelestus, non committet hodie unquam iterum ut uapulet Ter. Vtut erat, mansum tameii oportuit Ter. Hoc quoquo ibo mecum erit Plant. Deiotari copias, quantaecuuque sunt, nostras essS duco Cic. Qui ublcunque terrarum sunt, Ibi est omne relpubllcae prae- sldium Cic. Erus, quantum audio, uxore excidit Ter. Nil locist socordiae, Quantum intellexi modo senis sententiam Ter. Si a persequendo hostis deterrere neqmue'rant, disiectos a tergo circumuSniebant Sal. J See 922, last example. Vt cuiusque sors exclderat, alacgr arina capiebat Liv. The letters in ancient Italy being sent nearly always by private hand, and the roads with the facilities for travelling being very defective, a long time often elapsed between the writing and the receiving a letter. Hdbebam acta urbana usque ad Nonas Martias, e quibiis intel- legebam omniS, pStitis actum irl quam de prouincils Cic. Litte'rarum exemplum qufis ad Pompeium scrips! Besides, it was far from the ordi- nary practice to affix a date of time and place, so that the words might have been unintelligible. Piiteolis magnus estj rumor Pttflgmaeum esse in regno. Examples of a sub- junctive in him are : ubi dixisset i. J The epistolary tense would have been erat. Ad eum postrldie mang udde- bam quum haec scripsl Cic. Pompey arrived at his villa yesterday. He forthwith sent one of his people with his compliments to me. Trlginta dies erant ipsl, quum has ddbam litteras, per quos nul- las a uobis acceperam Cic. It is also confined for the most part to those matters which are likely to be affected by the interval of time that must elapse before the letter is read. The future is chiefly used in laws. Diuis omnibus pontlfices, singulis flammes sunto apud Cic. Quoquo hie spectabit, e6 tu spectat6 semul ; Si quo hie gradietur, pariter tu progrediminot PL Ps. Moreover Madvig has proved, what Kvarup already main- tained, that the form in minor does not exist. That in mino does exist, and belongs to the singular. Where'er he looks, thither must you look with him ; Where'er he marches, march you too forward by his side. Cum ualetudlnl tuae consiilugris, turn consulito naulgatioul Cic. Vide quam rem agas {Ter. Tu uelim animo sapient! An affirmative in the future often expresses a direction with a confidence that it will be followed : as, Tu interea non cessabis et ea quae habes instltuta perpSlies Cic. Slquid accident noui, fScies ut sciam Cic. Quiii con seen dim usf equos? Abiiit hinc in malam rem cum suspicione istac, scelus? Non tu hinc abis? What business have I? Pronounce etyam, qu'istic, ti and mm. Quin tu hoc audl Ter. Compare too the Greek eornvoi. Lmianae fabulae non stis dignae sunt quae Iterum legantur Oic. Idoiieus lion est qui impe'tret Cic. Solus es, Caesar, cuius in uictoria cecldgrit nemo nisi armatus Cic. FerociSr oratio uisa est quam quae habenda apud regem esset Liv. Senior iam et infirmior quam ut contentionem dicendl sustl- neret, obmutuit et concidit Liv. The indicative is found in some writers in these phrases. Many passages are unduly put forward as examples under this head by both Madvig 364, Anm. Ex captluis cognouit quo in 18co hostium copiae consedissent Goes. Ignorabat rex utSr eorum esset Orestes Cic. Ex hoc quantum b5ni sit In Smicltia, iudlcar! Cum incertus essem, ubi esses Cic. Discent quemadmodum haec flant Cic. Diiblto an Vgnusiam tendam Cic. Copias suas, iudlcionS non conduxgrit, S,n gqultum aduentu prohlbltus, dubiumst Caes. Ddleam necng doleam nihll interest Cic. Hanc paludem si nostri translrent, hostes expectabant Caes. Vide ut discldit labrum Ter. Adspice ut antrum Siluestris raris sparsit labruscS, rScemis Virg. Dic mihi, placetne tlbi edSre iniussu meo? Compare 594 and 600. The French in the same wav use dis-moi. CSdS, quid iurgiibit tecum? Quaeso, quotiens dlceudumst tibi? Hence there is no irregularity in the construction with an indicative : as, Alii nescio-quo pacto obduruerunt Cic. Immane'-quantum ilnimi exarserg Sal. Reported Speech or Thoughts OBLIQUA OEATIO. Compare the Greek phrase t See Caesar, B. Imperatives are changed to imperfects of the subjunctive. Direct interrogatives in the indicative are changed to the ac- cusative and infinitive, provided the person was either the first or third ; but if it was the second person, then the subjunctive is required. The pronouns ho- in its original sense and isto- have no place in the obliqua oratio, any more than eg5, tu, nos, uos, fee. Illo- commonly supplies the place of the second person. All this however does not prevent the use of the indicative mood in the midst of the obliqua oratio, where the writer chooses to say something of his own. Aristides, nonne ob earn caussam expulsust patria, quod praeter modum iustiis esset? Fabio dicta dies est, quod legattis in Gallos pugnasset Liv. Aedem deo I5ul uouit, si eo die hostes fudisset Liv. Occurrebant mi hi colles campique et Tiberis et hoc caelum, sub quo natus educatusque essem Liv. Legatos suos multl de prouincia decedere iusserunt, quod illo- rum culpa se minus commSde audlre arbitrarentur Cic. Quern qui reprendit, in eo rgprendit, quod gratum praeter mo'dum dicat esse Cic. Tantum Sberat ut binos scrlbSrent, uix singulos confecerunt Cic. Piiglles in iactandis caestlbus mgemiscunt, non quod doleant, sed quiS, profundenda uoce omng corpus intendltiir Cic. Non eo dico quo mihi uSniat in dubium tuS, fides Cic. Non quin confiderem dllfgentiae tuae Cic. These sen- tences are conveniently divided into present and past. Hoc nee scio, nee si sciam, dlcere ausim Liv. Tu si hie sis, Sitter sentias Ter. Quid fftciam, si furtum fecerit? Nonne sapiens, si fame ipse conftciatur, abstulerit clbum alterl? Id si accident, simiis armati Cic. Moreover the explanation of the form faxo given in 566 is confirmed by a line in the same scene, Pol si tstucfaxis, hau sine poena feceris ; for the law of the Latin lan- guage requires that the two verbs should here be in the same tense see Madvig's own Gr. Si has inimicltias cauere pStuisset, uiueret Cic. Absque eo esset, recte ggo mihi uldissem Ter. R6gnumne hie tu p6ssides? Si p6ssiderem, ornatus esses ex tuis uirtutibus Ter. If I had been, you should have had a dressing such as your special merits deserve. Ngcassem te uerberibus, nisi irattis essem Cic. Deletus exercltus foret, n! In either case it is novv too late to alter matters ; and therefore these tenses often imply not only the non-existence of a state of things, but also impossibility. See his Opuscula, vol. This is clearly wiong. As regards the past tenses of hypothetical sentences, in the clause of the con- sequence the past-imperfect is used to denote a continued state of things, or something not yet completed, whereas a single occur- rence is expressed by the past-perfect. Thus in hypothe- tical sentences the participles in turo and endo are often found in the clause of consequence ; and, if so, always attended by an in- dicative : as, Si me triumpharg prohlberent, testis cltaturust fu! Illi ipsl qui remanserant relicturi agros grant, nisi litteras ml- sisset Cic. I Quid quod si Andranodoro consIliS, processissent, Heracleae cum ceteris fuit seruiendum, nay, if the plans of Andra- nodorus had succeeded, Heraclea must have become a slave with the rest of the people. I That is, ' They were preparing to leave, and' though the author omits expressly to say so ' no doubt would have done so.
Precisely on the same principle and under the same circumstances Lucretius mand s?ger homo slave s?ges the preposition even from a verb, and writes disiectis disque supatis i. Quamquamst scelestus, non committet hodie unquam iterum ut uapulet Ter. Those from quattuor to centum, both in- clusive, are not declined. Jeg er liderlig og har en dejlig glatbarberet fisse. Direct interrogatives in the indicative are changed to the ac- cusative and infinitive, provided the person was either the first or third ; but if it was the second person, then the subjunctive is required. Ignorabat rex utSr eorum esset Orestes Cic. The genitive has an old form in i : as, alai. Ad Brutum nostrum hos llbros alteros quinquS mittemus Cic. Si itast, facturus ut sit ofticium suum, Faciat ; sin aliter de hac re est eius ring, Respondent mi Ter. Litte'rarum exemplum qufis ad Pompeium scrips. Thus from cani- f. Some adjectives ending in eri have both forms : as, acSri- sharp, N.
